@Peanut Butter Fruit Potato I'm a linguist and this falls into my wheelhouse (especially since etymology was brought up.) Algebra actually comes from al jabr (literally the restoration), which was used to refer to the solving of quadratic equations. It was brought over into post-classical Latin and later into English.
Also! Roman numerals are technically not really foreign to the modern English writing system, just not commonly taught as much these days outside of certain contexts. The alphabet English uses is Latinate (Roman) in origin thanks to the expansion of the Roman Empire and later the Catholic Church into the British Isles. Latin became the administrative language and writings in English using the Latin alphabet became more common. Which means the Roman numerals were more commonly used at the time because they were the numbers native to that writing system.
These days, it's the numbers we now use 0-9 that are taught and common to see. These were not introduced into the writing system until centuries after the Latin alphabet became the standard for writing in English.
Sorry for the ramblings, but linguistics and languages are my jam lol